Posts Tagged ‘Budget Deficits’
Tuesday, January 24th, 2012
Obviously, the conduct of monetary policy is extremely important to the nation’s economy. A properly conducted monetary policy can be very beneficial, whereas errors in monetary policy can have severe effects on the economy, either due to the creation of too much or too little money.
Who should make such important decisions? Some people believe that the financial experts at the Bank of Canada, who possess specialized knowledge of monetary matters, should have the responsibility and the power to decide the nation’s monetary policy. Other people disagree. They argue that such important policy decisions should not be made by the appointed officials at the Bank of Canada, but rather by the government, which was elected by (and is ultimately responsible to) the people.
The question of who possessed the final responsibility and authority for monetary policy remained somewhat vague until 1960, when matters came to a head in the celebrated “Coyne affair.” James Coyne, governor of the Bank of Canada, was pursuing a tight-money policy at the same time as the federal government was trying to stimulate the economy with budget deficits. When Coyne refused to alter the Bank of Canada’s policies, the government in effect dismissed him by introducing legislation declaring his position vacant. By this act, the government established itself as the final authority in the area of monetary policy. This was given legislative authority in amendments to the Bank of Canada Act in 1967, which stated that in the event of disagreement between the government and the Bank of Canada, the government can direct the central bank in writing as to the monetary policy to be followed.
Supporters of the government’s authority over the Bank of Canada argue that, without this authority, the government cannot ensure that the Bank of Canada’s monetary policy is consistent with the federal government’s fiscal policies, and point to the Coyne affair as evidence on their behalf. Critics of the government’s authority over monetary policy have little faith in the economic judgement of politicians.
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Tags: Amendments, Bank Of Canada, Budget Deficits, Canada Act, Canada Government, Coyne, Disagreement, Economy, Federal Government, Financial Experts, Fiscal Policies, Important Decisions, Important Policy, Legislation, Legislative Authority, Monetary Matters, Monetary Policy, Money Policy, Policy Decisions, Tight Money
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Sunday, February 21st, 2010
The use of fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government have budget deficits, with government expenditures larger than tax revenues. Where will the necessary money come from to finance such deficits? There are two possible sources of funds to finance budget deficits.
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Tags: Budget Deficits, Economy, Edmonton, finance, Fiscal Policy, forex, Government Budget, Government Expenditures, Money, Necessary Money, Recessions, Sources Of Funds, Tax Revenues
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Sunday, February 14th, 2010
Rather than merely hiring the unemployed to do work of little value. For example, tax cuts increase consumer spending, which stimulates many industries. Also, the effects of government spending (such as on a public works project) will spread, via the multiplier effect, through the economy, increasing consumer spending, too. Also, by generating a more favorable economic climate, these efforts by the government can result in increased business investment spending. Thus, the effects of budget deficits designed to stimulate employment will be felt all through the economy, from the toy industry to the construction industry – not merely in the hiring of the unemployed by the government.
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Tags: Auto Finance, Budget Deficits, Business Investment, Construction Industry, Consumer Spending, Economy Government, Edmonton, Favorable Economic Climate, Fiscal Policy, forex, Government Spending, Multiplier Effect, Stabilizing The Economy, Tax Cuts, Toy Industry
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Thursday, February 4th, 2010
While it is true that the net federal government debt rose from about $3 billion in 1939 to over $22 billion by 1975. In practice, it is common for budget deficits to be financed by a combination of borrowing and “printing,” a practice that can be economically beneficial as long as the “printing” of money is kept within reasonable limits.
Part B: The National Debt
We have seen that the use of government fiscal policy to stimulate the economy during recessions requires that the government borrow money (mostly through bond issues) in order to finance its budget deficits. The total amount of federal government debt thus incurred – the amount of money owed by the federal government – is called the “National Debt.” By 1983 the National Debt will amount to over $100 billion, or nearly $4000 for every man, woman, and child in Canada.
The National Debt has, over the years, been the subject of a great deal of misunderstandings, fears, myths and political hypocrisy. Many Canadians believe, for instance, that the National Debt is owed to other countries and that Canada may go bankrupt because of it. Both of these are myths. On the other hand, few Canadians appreciate the real dangers concerning the National Debt. We will examine first the myths, then the real dangers.
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Tags: Amount Of Money, Auto Finance, Bond Issues, Borrow Money, Budget Deficits, Canadians, Economy, Edmonton, Fears, Federal Government Debt, Fiscal Policy, Government Money, Hypocrisy, Keynesian Policies, Man Woman And Child, Misunderstandings, Money Owed, Myths, National Debt, Printing Money, Recessions, Woman And Child
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Monday, February 1st, 2010
This concern is often expressed in the words that “any business that ran that way would go broke.” Sometimes the reference is to government inefficiencies and waste, which no one condones, but often the reference is to budget deficits and the rising National Debt. However, the matter is not that simple. Most successful businesses accumulate not only productive assets but also more and more liabilities, or debt, reflecting the money that was borrowed to finance those assets. Businesses do not regard such a situation as bad management; indeed, the acquisition of the assets can be financially beneficial to the company by increasing its profitability.
Just as a growing economy requires more private productive assets, such as factories and equipment, it requires more social assets, such as roads, hospitals and schools. Both private and social assets are typically financed by borrowing, so that the debts of businesses and governments (as well as households) have risen. The simple fact that these debts have risen in no way proves mismanagement on the part of governments or businesses or households in general.
Another problem that contributes to misunderstandings concerning government deficits is that many people confuse a government budget deficit with business “loss.” Some types of government budgets lump together all spending – for “current” purposes such as payroll and “capital” purposes such as airports – so that, whenever social assets are bought or built, the government’s budget shows an excess of spending over the current year’s tax revenues, or a deficit. By contrast, a business’ income statement does not include “capital” expenditures, on items such as plant, as current expenses, and its balance sheet shows its assets as well as its liabilities (or debt). Governments’ budgets generally show the liabilities without showing the corresponding assets.
Furthermore, no business has the responsibility to prevent recessions in the economy, and deficit spending – financed by borrowing – is a proven method of fulfilling that responsibility. Rising unemployment gives the government the choice of either ignoring the problem or using deficit spending to combat it. Considering that the government is responsible for maintaining “full employment,” it could well be argued that good management sometimes requires the government to have budget deficits.
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Tags: Bad Management, Budget Deficits, Business Income, Business Loss, Capital Expenditures, Capital Purposes, Government Budget Deficit, Government Budgets, Government Deficits, Government Failure, Inefficiencies, Mismanagement, Misunderstandings, National Debt, Page Rank, Productive Assets, Recessions, Simple Fact, Social Assets, Tax Revenues, Types Of Government
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Monday, January 18th, 2010
That depends largely on how the budget deficits are financed. If they are financed by printing money, there is a real danger that rapid increases in the volume of money in circulation (the “money supply”) will cause rapid inflation. This is the most obvious danger in excessive budget deficits, and the one with which most observers are familiar. However, there is another, more subtle, danger in excessive budget deficits: they can also contribute to slow economic growth, or economic “stagnation.”
The Perils of Budget Deficits
Budget deficits can be likened to drinking liquor, in that if they are properly timed and used in appropriate quantities, they will not be harmful and in fact can be beneficial. However, as with liquor, excessive budget deficits can have severe side effects, including a “hangover” of severe inflation accompanied by stagnation, or “stagflation.” And, like a hangover, it can be considerably easier to get into this situation than it is to get out of it.
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